・訓練中の音韻成分の自己生成が呼称改善の正の予測因子となる(Simic et al., 2021) ・テレプラクティスでの実施可能性が複数研究で示されており、アクセシビリティが高い ・年齢・初期重症度・AOS(失行)の重症度が転帰に影響する(Masson-Trottier et al., 2024)
2. CIAT(Constraint-Induced Aphasia Therapy)
CIATは、運動リハビリのCI療法(Constraint-induced movement therapy)の考え方を言語訓練に応用したアプローチです。身振りや手振り、絵などのコミュニケーション手段を使用せずに、言葉の使用に制約したゲームによる訓練を行うことで、脳神経可塑性を最大化することを目的とします。もともとPulvermüllerらが2001に開発し、1日3〜4時間・2週間の集中的な実施を行うことが特徴です。
反復経頭蓋磁気刺激(repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation:rTMS)は、非侵襲的脳刺激(NIBS)のなかでも失語症への応用研究が最も蓄積されている技術です。rTMSでは低頻度の刺激では、脳活動の抑制性を、高頻度の刺激では興奮性を促進できると考えられています。失語症での主なアプローチは、右半球の同側言語野(右ブローカ野相当領域)に低周波(1Hz)rTMSを用いて半球間抑制を緩和し、左半球の言語機能の代償を促進するものです。SLTとの組み合わせで使用されることが標準的です。
経頭蓋直流電気刺激(transcranial Direct Current Stimulation:tDCS)は、弱い直流電流(1〜3mA)を頭皮の電極から脳に通電することで、神経活動を興奮(陽極)または抑制(陰極)させる技術です。rTMSに比べてコストが低く、携帯性が高く、言語療法をしながら実施できる点が特徴です。
患者の発症後時期・失語症タイプ・障害プロフィール(意味的 vs. 音韻的)・認知能力・疲労度・生活環境などを踏まえた個別化が不可欠です。
引用文献
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